CSEC Chemistry (Grade 11) By Dr. Mary Ikeibekwe
RATIONALE
The application of scientific principles and the conduct of relevant research are of significant importance in identifying, assessing and realising the potential of the resources of Caribbean territories. A good foundation in the sciences will help citizens of the Caribbean to respond to the challenges of a rapidly changing world using the scientific approach. Chemistry is concerned with the physical and chemical properties of substances and the interaction of energy and matter. The study of Chemistry involves an investigation into chemical reactions and processes. The discipline seeks to explain and predict events at the atomic and molecular level. Through the principles of Chemistry, students will understand everyday life, nature and technology, and the significance of the well-being of man and the environment.
AIMS
This syllabus aims to:
- appreciate and understand natural phenomena and the ways in which materials behave;
- be aware of the power, impact and influence which Chemistry has in a modern scientific world and to emphasise that there is a responsibility that Chemistry be used for the good of the society and for the preservation of the environment;
- appreciate, understand and use methods of science;
- see the relevance of Chemistry to everyday life;
- appreciate and understand the role of Chemistry in enabling materials to be used in the service of mankind, in the Caribbean and elsewhere;
- understand basic chemical concepts in sufficient depth to provide an adequate foundation for specialisation;
- develop the spirit of inquiry and to continue the search for new ways in which materials may be used in the service of mankind;
- appreciate the inter-relationships among Chemistry, Biology, Physics, Mathematics and other subjects;
- make use of chemical data, concepts, principles and terminology in communicating chemical information;
- develop the ability to work independently and collaboratively with others when necessary;
- appreciate the significance and limitations of science in relation to social and economic development;integrate
- Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools and skills into the teaching and learning of chemical concepts.
Lessons
SECTION A - PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY
- Distinguish between pure substances and mixtures
- Distinguish among solutions, suspensions and colloids
- Identify different types of solutions
- Investigate the effect of temperature on solubility of solids in water
- Apply suitable separation techniques based on differences in properties of the components of mixtures
- Describe the extraction of sucrose from sugar cane
- Explain the formation of ionic and covalent bonds
- Predict the likelihood of an atom forming an ionic or a covalent bond based on atomic structure
- Write formulae to represent ions, molecules and formula units
- Explain metallic bonding
- Predict the likelihood of an atom forming an ionic or a covalent bond based on atomic structure
- Distinguish between ionic and molecular solids
- Relate structure of sodium chloride, diamond and graphite to their properties and uses
- Explain the term allotropy
- Define acid, acid anhydride, base, alkali, salt, acidic, basic, amphoteric and neutral oxides
- Relate acidity and alkalinity to the pH scale
- Discuss the strength of acids and alkalis on the basis of their completeness of ionisation
- Investigate the reactions of non- oxidising acids
- List examples of acids in living systems
- Investigate the reaction of bases with ammonium salts
- Identify an appropriate method of salt preparation based on the solubility of the salt
- List the uses and dangers of salts
- Distinguish between acid salts and normal salts
- Investigate neutralisation reactions using indicators and temperature changes
- Perform calculations using volumetric analysis data
- Investigate the action of common oxidising and reducing substances in everyday activities
- Define oxidation and reduction
- Deduce oxidation number from formulae
- Identify oxidation and reduction reactions including reactions at electrodes
- Distinguish between oxidising and reducing agents
- Perform tests for oxidising and reducing agents
- Conduct investigations leading to the classification of substances as conductors or non-conductors
- Distinguish between metallic and electrolytic conduction
- Classify electrolytes as strong or weak based on their conductivity
- Define electrolysis, cathode, anode, cation, anion
- Identify ions present in electrolytes
- Predict the electrode to which an ion will drift
- Predict chemical reactions making use of electrochemical series
- Discuss the electrolysis of certain substances
- Define the Faraday constant
- Describe industrial applications of electrolysis
SECTION B – ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- Illustrate that carbon atoms can form single and double bonds, branched and unbranched chains and ring compounds
- Write formulae to represent simple organic compounds
- List the general characteristics of a homologous series
- Write general and molecular formulae for members of a given homologous series
- Deduce the homologous series given the fully displayed and condensed formulae of compounds
- Write fully displayed structures and names of branched and unbranched alkanes and unbranched alkenes, alcohols, and alkanoic acid
- Define structural isomerism
- Write the fully displayed structures of isomers given their molecular formulae
- Describe the reactions of alkanes and alkenes
- Relate the characteristic reactions of alkanes and alkenes to their structures
- Distinguish between alkanes and alkenes
- Relate the properties of hydrocarbons to their uses
- Identify alcohols, acids and esters by their functional groups
- Relate the properties of alcohols, acids and to their functional groups
- Describe the reactions of ethanol
- Describe the fermentation process by which ethanol is produced from carbohydrates
- Describe the reactions of ethanoic acid
- Explain hydrolysis of esters including saponification
- Compare soapy and soapless detergents
- Define polymers
- Distinguish between addition and condensation as reactions in the formation of polymers
- State at least one use of each of the following types of polymers
SECTION C – INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- Describe the physical and chemical properties of non-metals
- Describe the laboratory preparation of gases
- Explain the use of gases based on their properties
- List uses of the non-metals: carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, chlorine, nitrogen, silicon and their compounds
- Discuss the harmful effects of non-metal on living systems and the environment
- Relate the unique properties of water to its functions in living systems
- Consequences of the solvent properties of water
- Methods used in the treatment of water for domestic purposes
- Green Chemistry
- The principles of Green Chemistry